This paper aims at highlighting the fact that equivalence represents a concept worth revisiting and detailing upon when tackling the translation process of economic texts both from english into romanian and from romanian into english. The procedure we are going to examine here is the equivalence in translation at word level, or, as we will see, the lack of equivalence. This mona baker book is a core text on my translation ma at cardiff university. May 14, 2012 strategies for nonequivalence at word level 1. According to baker 1992, non equivalence at word level means the tl has no direct equivalent for a word in the tl. The local dialects and the uses of arabic widely used in the novel are the main challenge due to non equivalence at word level in the translation of the text into english, that is to say that the tt has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in st. Notably, bond, 2005 book entitled translating the untranslatable is to be mentioned. Cultural difficulties in translations from english into. Different views to non equivalence english language essay. Word level equivalence in the indonesian translation of the dialogues in the lightning thief a final project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of sarjana pendidikan in english by dewi maulud diati 2201410074 english department faculty of languages and arts semarang state university 2016 ii iii motto and.
These categories are suggested by baker 1992 in her discussion of nonequivalence at the word level. And clarified that this matter has some parts that about a word, about the morpheme, lexical meaning lexical meaning. Nonequivalence at grammatical and word level and the. Mona baker s on equivalence pages 1 50 text version. Frog book by brain tracy 2001 and translation by morteza nazari 2010. This chapter discusses translation problems arising from lack of equivalence at word level.
Equivalence above word level in the previous chapter, we discussed problems arising from non equivalence at word level and explored a number of attested strategies for dealing with such problems. Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. The result revealed that nonequivalence occurred at word level in names of characters, places, and magical terms and above word level in idioms and fixed expression. Translation the definition of translation there are some definitions of translation. Assuming no knowledge of foreign languages, it offers both a practical and theoretical guide to translation studies, and provides an important foundation for training professional translators.
Natural and directional equivalence in theories of translation. The strategies dealing with problems of nonequivalence at. Consequently, relevant examples from the economic field will be provided to account for the following types of non equivalence at word level. The study established two types of nonequivalences. According to baker 1992, nonequivalence at word level means the tl has no direct equivalent for a word in the tl. Far from being exhaustive, our analysis will focus upon the problems arising from the lack of equivalence at the word level. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by. Concept may relate to a religious belief or a social custom or a type of food. Introduction this article has taken shape as a result of translation activity when, as. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendously, depending on the nature of nonequivalence.
Further, nonequivalence in translation is discussed and substantiated by. In other words has been the definitive coursebook for students studying translation for nearly three decades. Graduation thesis strategies to deal with nonequivalence. The problem of translation is very complicated, from the level of finding the most equivalent in word level until the problem of cultural. There is no onetoone correspondence between orthographic words and elements of meaning withinacross languages. In other words is the definitive coursebook for anyone studying translation. The concept of home is highly variable from one culture to another, as it carries with it connotations of family units, the composition of which differs significantly from one culture to another, and can also be laden with culturallydependent political undertones, as in the current debate in the united states about samesex.
The chapter provides some common types of nonequivalence at word level, with examples from various. The thesis entitled translation strategies dealing with nonequivalence at word level in the comic entitled translation of lucky luke. Nonequivalence at grammatical and word level and the strategies to deal with. Graduation thesis strategies to deal with nonequivalence at. A case study of english translation into persian ahmad ezzati collage of foreign language islamic azad university, shahreqods branch tehran, iran abstract this present paper tries to examine some obstacles in nonequivalence at grammatical level, and then researches. Jun 03, 2015 this mona baker book is a core text on my translation ma at cardiff university. Types of nonequivalence in the kikamba bible translation. A very interesting example given in margherita ulrychs book is the complexity of the translation of the bible. Nonequivalence, grammatical level, word level, translating, source.
Nonequivalence no direct equivalent in the tl for a sl word, phrase, or idiom cultural nonequivalence situational linguistic nonequivalence grammar, vocabulary, meaning all types of translation involve. The data were words, phrases, and sentences taken from the english text and indonesian text of harry potter. We use the text to accompany the translation methods course. Different kinds of nonequivalence require different strategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficult to handle. Equivalence above word level in other words taylor. Nonequivalence at word level and somecommon strategies for dealing with it common problems of nonequivalence. Apart from these types of equivalence, we can take into account the phraseological. The strategies here is that the translator deals with non equivalence at word level. Equivalence,however, may be achieved in different levels. The investigation of equivalence in translation reveals that how translators exactly transfer massage in translation from the source language into target language or vice versa. Above the word level, translation is hampered by the use of figurative language in the source text. The data were displayed and then verified using baker 2011. The strategies here is that the translator deals with nonequivalence at word level. Assuming no knowledge of foreign languages, it offers a practical guide based on extensive research in areas as varied as lexis, grammar, pragmatics, semiotics and ethics.
In addition to the types of alteration described above, alterations of word classes i. The purpose of the study is to identify and classify the strategies used by the translator, dealing with the nonequivalence problems at word level which occur in the translation of a novel by stephenie meyer entitled twilight. Nonequivalence at grammatical and word level and the strategies. There is no onetoone correspondence between orthographic words and elements of meaning within or across languages. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendously, depending on the nature of non equivalence. Although translators do not normally work on wordforword equivalence, the discussion may serve as the basic step in dealing with non equivalence found in the source text. The problem of non equivalence linkedin slideshare. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottomup approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. Apr 30, 2012 equivalence that can appear at word level.
A case study of english translation into persian ahmad ezzati collage of foreign language islamic azad university, shahreqods branch tehran, iran abstract this present paper tries to examine some obstacles in non equivalence at grammatical level, and then researches. Natural and directional equivalence in theories of translation anthony pym universitat rovira i virgili, tarragona, spain equivalence was a key word in the linguisticsbased translation theories of the 1960s and 1970s, although its basic mode of thought may be traced back to. There are many possible problems of nonequivalence between two languages, here we will address a few that we think might be relevant to the type of translations youll be doing at dcs. The linguist eugene nida have experimented the the cultural gaps. Therefore, theorists in the field of translation studies are. Komissarov 1973 specifies five types of equivalence. Newmark in rudi hartono states that translation is rendering the meaning of a. Non equivalence at scientific terms in mathematics bilingual. The sl word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the rl culture. Ghost hunt, is aimed at describing the strategies used by translator in the comic translation of lucky luke. Achieving such correspondences involves special bilingual. Although translators do not normally work on word for word equivalence, the discussion may serve as the basic step in dealing with non equivalence found in the source text.
But this modified notion of text level equivalence has had to come through non equivalence at the word level. The early chapter of equivalence at word level and how to translate non equivalence is particularly interesting, useful and a strong section of the wellwritten precise coursebook. Because learning azs translations mirror the content and structure of the original text while reflecting the natural flow of. For instance, some items may be registerspecific or dialectspecific, others may be derogatory or neutral. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it should be remembered that a single word can be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme, and it discuss about lexical meaning. In this chapter, we will go one step further to consider what happens when words start combining with other words to form stretches of language. The terms dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, coined by eugene nida, are associated with two dissimilar translation approaches that are employed to achieve different levels of literalness between the source text and the target text, as evidenced in biblical translation the two have been understood basically, with dynamic equivalence as senseforsense translation translating the. Non equivalence, then, is a legitimate field of translation theory. Strategies to deal with nonequivalence at word level in translation. Non equivalence in translation can be evidenced through numerous examples in the process of translating from arabic into english. This procedure is possible when the translator in able find a sl textual item replacement in the tl, the closest possible to the original meaning and style. This concept could be abstract or concrete, it could refer to a. Nonequivalence at word level and above level in harry potter.
The thesis entitled translation strategies dealing with nonequivalence at word level. The differences may relate to expressive or evoked meaning. Comment on any differences in meaning between the items in each of the following sets. The thesis entitled translation strategies dealing with non equivalence at word level in the comic entitled translation of lucky luke. Nonequivalence at word level means that the target language has. Chapter three is devoted to the description, analysis and comparison of thedata collected, and ends with a. Pdf non equivalence at scientific terms in mathematics. Above word level equivalence, when translating from one language into another. We can say the propositional meaning is true false. Nida states that translation consist of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style1. Equivalence versus nonequivalence in economic translation. Equivalence problems in translation nansy ahmad daoud mosleh alfaori translation department, yarmouk university, irbid, jordan equivalence is an important notion in translation theory.
The speaker in the house of commons is an independent person who maintains authority and order in the parliament. The second chapter, equivalence at word level, addresses the problem. Non equivalence at grammatical and word level and the strategies to deal with. Some books might have english levels that vary slightly from the english level. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation 5. He also distinguished 11 types of non equivalence and suggests that each type of non equivalence requires different strategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficult to handle. Solutions and translation strategies to deal with these cases are presented throughout the analysis. This chapter also deals with nonequivalence and its types, and ends with the different strategies adopted by professional translators. The translation strategies on the type of nonequivalence at word level.
The result revealed that non equivalence occurred at word level in names of characters, places, and magical terms and above word level in idioms and fixed expression. In continuation we will see some common varieties of non equivalence at word level with examples in english or italian when possible. Nonequivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct. Nonequivalence at word level and above level in harry. But before we look at specific types of nonequivalence and the various strategies which can be used for dealing with. Different theories of translation equivalence nguyen thi nhan.
In translation studies, equivalence is an important concept. She dealt with the problem of non equivalence giving examples from different languages including arabic. Strategies for translating nonequivalence at word level. The study established two types of non equivalences. She dealt with the problem of nonequivalence giving examples from. In the present presentation we will discuss the problem of non equivalence but first we will understand what is equivalence and the difference with non equivalence which is one of the most common problems in translation, when it happens and what are the most common issues with non equivalence. Because it is so unique, the translation into english may face. Jun 30, 20 in translation studies, equivalence is an important concept. Sep 28, 2012 and equivalence at word level it self is a matter of how to equalize the inside word on his level. Equivalence above word level in the previous chapter, we discussed problems arising from nonequivalence at word level and explored a number of attested strategies for dealing with such problems. Nonequivalence in translation can be evidenced through numerous examples in the process of translating from arabic into english. There are many levels of equivalence, and word level equivalence is the lowest level. Graduation thesis strategies to deal with nonequivalence at word. From the issue, it is interesting to give attention to the one of indonesian daily newspaper, the jakarta post is the largest newspaper in.
Baker 2011 strongly remarked in her study that non equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalence for a word which occurs in the source text. But this modified notion of textlevel equivalence has had to come through nonequivalence at the word level. Equivalence at word level word english language free. An expression from a language which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, one from another language, and can therefore be used to translate it. He also distinguished 11 types of nonequivalence and suggests that each type of nonequivalence requires different strategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficult to handle. The study reveals that nonequivalence is difficult to handle at lexical level mostly due to culturespecific words.
Culture specific concepts the source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendously depending on the nature of non equivalence p. The study reveals that non equivalence is difficult to handle at lexical level mostly due to culturespecific words. Pdf in other words a coursebook on translation mona baker. Untranslatability may occur at the word level due to lack of equivalence. The purpose of the study is to identify and classify the strategies used by the translator, dealing with the non equivalence problems at word level which occur in the translation of a novel by stephenie meyer entitled twilight. Translation by more neutral less expressive word 3. Nonequivalence idiom translations free 30day trial. In the present presentation we will discuss the problem of nonequivalence but first we will understand what is equivalence and the difference with nonequivalence which is one of the most common problems in translation, when it happens and what are the most common issues with nonequivalence. Equivalence at word level according to mona bakers typology. Non equivalence at word level and somecommon strategies for dealing with it strategies used by professional translatorsg translation by illustration this is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there are restrictions on space and if.
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