According to a recent metaanalysis of studies on male circumcisionthe removal of all or part of the foreskin of the penisin subsaharan africa, this procedure may reduce hiv infection risk by approximately 50 percent. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia. The study of circumcision is one of the most disputed issues in contemporary anthropology, raising as it does, questions of human rights, gender equality, cultural integrity, modernisation and moral relativism. The eastern cape province of south africa is home to the xhosa people, one of the nations largest tribes. Male circumcision is one of the most commonly performed procedures in africa, with a wide variation between the different regions on the. Male circumcision is one of the oldest surgical procedures historically known to be undertaken for cultural, social, religious or medical reasons 1. In the past decade, the number of people infected with hiv in south africa sa has risen. The distinction between male and female circumcision go. In contrast, in north africa, the middle east and parts of asia males are circumcised as young boys, and in some regions of east and southern africa as adolescents. Some men are circumcised for religious or cultural reasons, others do it for health reasons and hygiene. Ndoh, the research sector of the south african national aids council sanac with technical. Circumcision also makes it easier to keep the end of the penis clean. The male child circumcision rate in cameroon is around 90%, in common with other countries of west and north africa, with operations performed in hospitals and clinics. Pdf on feb 1, 2006, michel garenne and others published male circumcision and hiv control in africa find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.
Male circumcision reduces the risk of hiv transmission from women to men. Male circumcision and risk of hiv infection in subsaharan. The analytical expression for coverage is then 0 0 00. Male circumcision as the answer to the african aids epidemic. That rebuttal emphasised the quality of the evidence from the rcts supporting male circumcision and why the procedure is a critical component in the tool box of hiv prevention approaches. Male circumcision and hiv risks and benefits for women. Prevalence and acceptability of male circumcision in south. Male circumcision under local anaesthesia version 3. Psychosocial factors influencing promotion of male circumcision for hiv prevention. Two studies have estimated the costeffectiveness of male circumcision for hiv prevention in africa. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc reduces femaletomale sexual transmission of.
But in the highest hiv prevalence countries of southern and eastern africa, male circumcision rates are generally under 20%. It seems criticisms of african trials fail to withstand scrutiny. Pdf acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of hivaids. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia and hiv prevention services for adolescent boys and men clinical manual 2018. The united states centers for disease control and prevention cdc states that. South african national guidelines for medical male circumcision.
Some studies show that good hygiene can help prevent certain problems with the penis, including infections and swelling. Consultation on male circumcision and hiv prevention in the african region page vii 1. Perceptions and acceptability of male circumcision in south africa. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals. They live in the modern world, but they maintain ancient customsincluding one by which boys become men. Namibia, rwanda, south africa, tanzania, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. Who 2014 who progress brief voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention in priority countries of east and southern africa accessed january 2019 5.
Today it is still practised by jews,muslims and many tribes in east and southern africa see. Consultation on male circumcision and hiv prevention in. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention. World health organization who 2012 voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention 3.
This framework, developed by the world health organization. Male circumcision is common in many african countries and is almost universal in north africa and most of west africa. Male circumcision as strategy for hiv prevention and sexually. Africa, indicated that circumcision of heterosexual men could reduce the risk of hiv infection by to 60 percent.
Who and unaids based their 2007 recommendation for male circumcision as an additional hiv prevention intervention on consistent. Information on shangring generation ii, selflocking model device for voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention pdf, 102kb june 2015. Male circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures worldwide, and is undertaken for many reasons. Geographical patterns of male circumcision practices in. The purpose of this research is to look at views of traditionally circumcised xhosa men towards medical male circumcision and to get views of these traditional circumcising communities on how medical male circumcision could be done without losing traditional values of the practice.
Scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision services. Male circumcision policy, practices and services in the. Data were available for namibia, however, and indicated that one in four circumcisions is done by a traditional circumciser. The male child circumcision rate in egypt is around 94%. Medical male circumcision has come under the spotlight across africa since about 2007 because of evidence from studies showing that when a man is circumcised he has less chance of getting infected with hiv through sex with a female partner. In many of these countries, male circumcision was once traditionally practiced and reintroduction of safe male circumcision may turn out to be culturally acceptable. Voluntary medical male 12 circumcision in south africa.
Traditional male circumcision has an increased risk for complications that include sepsis, genital mutilation, gangrenous penis, excessive bleeding, dehydration, renal failure and death. The association between male circumcision and hiv infection in. Male circumcision introduction summary male circumcision is the surgical removal of all or part of the foreskin tissue prepuce that typically covers the tip or head of the penis. A mass campaign of medical male circumcision mmc is being rolled out in many african countries that are hardhit by hivaids, in an effort to reduce new infections. Who prequalification of male circumcision devices pdf, 1. There are no easy ways to draw analogies between male and female circumcision. South african national guidelines for medical male. Conclusive research shows that medical male circumcision substantially reduces mens risk of acquiring hiv through vaginal sex, making it an important addition to hiv prevention strategies in. Pdf male circumcision and hiv prevention yoram vardi.
History of circumcision ritual male circumcision is known to have been practised by south sea islanders,australian aborigines, sumatrans, incas, aztecs, mayans and ancient egyptians. Criticisms of african trials fail to withstand scrutiny. Derived from the latin word circumcido, circumcision means, cutting around. World aids day december 1, 2017 scaleup of voluntary. Circumcision amongst the xhosa people of south africa represents a rite of passage to manhood. Voluntary medical male circumcision in south africa. The second part of chapter 1 will elaborate on the origins and. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention avert. South african national guidelines for medical male circumcision viii.
In addition to anatomical differences between boys and girls genitalia, the wide disparity of health consequences suffered by boys and girls at the hands of their circumcisers, as well as the reasons for being expected to undergo the procedure, make male and female. Pepfars best practices for voluntary medical male circumcision site operations v message from the us global aids coordinator voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc is a proven biomedical intervention that has the potential to save millions of lives and significant resources if it can be scaled up in high hiv prevalence regions. Progress in male circumcision scaleup world health organization. The first part of chapter 1 will focus on virginity testing, how and where it is practiced, and why it has the potential to be harmful. Should nations with a high hiv infection rate encourage male circumcision. Growing evidence has linked circumcision with some protection against hiv infection. Warning thread male circumcision in africa penis chopping might contain content that is not suitable for all ages. Male circumcision is a highly effective medical procedure that is protective against various medical conditions including urinary tract infections, inflammatory conditions of the penis, sexually. Male circumcision and hiv example mollify page unaids. It is when a mans foreskin is removed by a medical procedure. By clicking on continue you confirm that you are 18 years and over. Using a prepost intervention evaluation design, this study evaluated 192 initiates who had undergone a traditional male circumcision intervention with trained traditional surgeons and traditional nurses in the eastern cape, south africa. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to determine the rate and acceptability of male circumcision among south africans.
The male child circumcision rate in algeria is around 97. The history, the current prevalence and the approach to a patient jewel llamas april 2017 introduction female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation fgm or female genital cutting fgc, is practiced in many countries spanning. Background subsaharan africa remains the region most affected by hivaids. Male circumcision and hiv in africa mathematical note the formal definition of a convolution main text. A qualitative research method was used to undertake this. Manual for early infant male circumcision under local. This attentiongetting assertion quickly resulted in action by who and the united nations aids advo cacy organization, unaids, both of which recommended expanding programs of male circumcision in subsaharan africa, where hiv rates. Neonatal and child male circumcision world health organization. National prevalence of traditional male circumcision is unknown for most countries in eastern and southern africa. Four people with expertise andor interest in the area of circumcision and hiv were asked. West and north african countries have higher prevalence than southern african countries. Scientificstudies have shown that mmc can cut the risk of a man contracting hiv from vaginal sex. Show full abstract in africa demonstrated that adult male circumcision decreases human immunodeficiency virus hiv acquisition in men by 51% to 60%.
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